In contrast, YouTube, another Internet-based VOD system, uses an advertising-funded model in which users can access most of its video content free of cost but must pay a subscription fee for premium content. The most common of these systems, Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, Peacock, Max and Paramount+, use a subscription model that requires users to pay a monthly fee for access to a selection of movies, television shows, and original series. Other Internet-based VOD systems provide users with access to bundles of video entertainment content rather than individual movies and shows. Desktop client applications such as the Apple iTunes online content store and Smart TV apps such as Amazon Prime Video allow temporary rentals and purchases of video entertainment content. Streaming media has emerged as an increasingly popular medium of VOD provision. The majority of cable and telephone company–based television providers offer VOD streaming, whereby a user selects a video programme that begins to play immediately, or downloading to a DVR rented or purchased from the provider, or to a PC or to a portable device for deferred viewing. VOD users can permanently download content to a device such as a computer, digital video recorder (DVR) or a portable media player for continued viewing. Television VOD systems can stream content, either through a traditional set-top box or through remote devices such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. subsequently launched the Digital Cinema Initiative, in 2002. Disney, Paramount, Sony, Universal and Warner Bros. This technology has since expanded its services from feature-film productions to include broadcast television programmes and has led to lower bandwidth requirements for VOD applications. In 2000, the Fraunhofer Institute IIS developed the JPEG2000 codec, which enabled the distribution of movies via Digital Cinema Packages. Unlike broadcast television, VOD systems initially required each user to have an Internet connection with considerable bandwidth to access each system's content. As Internet and IPTV technologies continued to develop in the 1990s, consumers began to gravitate towards non-traditional modes of content consumption, which culminated in the arrival of VOD on televisions and personal computers. In the 20th century, broadcasting in the form of over-the-air programming was the most common form of media distribution. Video on demand ( VOD) is a media distribution system that allows users to access videos without a traditional video playback device and the constraints of a typical static broadcasting schedule. An example of an in-flight entertainment system on an Air Canada flight using VOD technology
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